mixed action
An action that has some characteristics of both a real action and a personal action. [Cases: Action 30. C.J.S. Actions §§ 78–83.]
Search Results for: mixed action
action
action n. (1)诉讼 指为实现个人权利、阻止个人非法行为或惩罚犯罪等而在法院进行的一种程序。在今天，action可以指各种诉讼，但在英国1873-1875年《司法组织法》〔Judicature Acts〕之前，action或action at law通常仅指普通法上的诉讼，以区别于衡平法上的诉讼〔suit in equity〕。在当时，原告要提起普通法上的诉讼，必须遵守严格的诉讼程式〔forms of action〕；在诉讼种类上，被划分为不动产诉讼〔real action〕、动产诉讼〔personal action〕和混合诉讼〔mixed action〕三种。现在，所有的诉讼形式都已被废除，原告在起诉时只需说明其根据的事实及请求的救济即可。在早期，action在比较广泛的意义上使用，包括刑事诉讼〔criminal action〕和民事诉讼〔civil action〕，前者是以国王或国家的名义提起的，后者则是以公民个人的名义提起的。但是，在今天，action更多的被用来指民事诉讼，而刑事诉讼则被称作「prosecutions」以示区别。在诉讼分类上一般分为对人诉讼〔action in personam〕和对物诉讼〔action in rem〕。现在，由于普通法和衡平法已合并，均通过同一种程序来实施，因此action和suit经常被作为同义词互换使用。 (2)行为；作为 (→suit; forms of action; cause of action)
mixed marriage
MIXED-MOTIVE DOCTRINE mixed-motive doctrine. Employment law. The principle that, when the evidence in an employment-discrimination case shows that the complained-of employment action was based in part on a nondiscriminatory reason and in part on a discriminatory reason, the plaintiff must show that discrimination was a motivating factor for the employment action and, if the plaintiff
personal action
personal action (1)对人之诉 早期普通法中的民事诉讼可分为对人之诉〔personal action〕、不动产权益之诉〔real action〕和混合之诉〔mixed action〕，其中对人之诉是基于合同或侵权而针对特定个人提起的诉讼，其目的在于要求被告履行合同债务或是针对所造成的损害进行赔偿。合同性质对人之诉包括报账之诉〔action of account〕、简式契约之诉〔assumpsit〕、允诺契据之诉〔covenant〕、定额债务之诉〔debt〕等；侵权性质对人之诉包括动产占有回复之诉〔replevin〕、侵害之诉〔trespass〕、非法挪用之诉〔trover〕、陪审团裁定之诉〔attaint〕、类案之诉〔case〕、诈欺之诉〔deceit〕、包讼之诉〔champerty〕、共谋之诉〔conspiracy〕、扣留财物之诉〔detinue〕等。这些诉讼连同与其相应的诉讼开始令状〔original writ〕及诉讼程式均于19世纪一并被废除。这个词现在常用来指对人诉讼〔action in personam〕，即法庭判决是要求特定个人作出一定行为，通常是支付金钱，以区别于对物诉讼〔action in rem〕。在对物诉讼中，原告是针对特定的物提出物权主张或债权主张，即主张自己对某物享有权利，或要求别人针对该物所作的损害进行赔偿。最后该词也指只能由当事人本人提起的诉讼。在大陆法中，对人之诉要求被告履行基于合同或侵权所产生的债务，即要求被告转移对某物的控制，履行某种义务或是赔偿一定的损失。 (2)对人诉讼(=action in personam) (3)(罗马法)对人诉讼(=actio personalis；personalis actio) (→real action; action; mixed action)
(1) forms of action (1)
(1) forms of action (1) 诉讼程式；诉讼格式 普通法上的诉讼程式，与普通法所确认的责任理论相适应。若原告未恰当地分析诉因，选择合适的责任理论并选用正确的诉讼程式，则起诉将被驳回。原告必须在起诉前选定诉讼程式，不得在起诉后更改。按照不同的救济要求，诉讼可分为三大类：不动产诉讼〔real action〕,要求索回不动产；混合诉讼〔mixed action〕,要求索回不动产及赔偿对不动产的损害；对人诉讼〔personal action〕,要求追索债务或动产，或要求赔偿对人身、财产或合同权利的损害。普通法上的诉讼程式通常有11种：侵害之诉〔trespass〕、间接侵害之诉〔trespass on the case〕、动产侵占之诉〔trover〕、收回土地之诉〔ejectment〕、返还动产之诉〔detinue〕、动产占有回复之诉〔replevin〕、追索债务之诉〔debt〕、允诺契据之诉〔covenant〕、报账之诉〔account〕、特别简约之诉〔special assumpsit〕、普通简约之诉〔general assumpsit〕。诉讼程式在英国已为1873-1875年的《司法组织法》〔Judicature Acts〕所废除。美国联邦和绝大多数州均已废除普通法上的诉讼程式，只留下一种程式，即「民事诉讼」。
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mixed motive doctrine
Employment law. The principle that, when the evidence in an employment-discrimination case shows that the complained-of employment action was based in part on a nondiscriminatory reason and in part on a discriminatory reason, the plaintiff must show that discrimination was a motivating factor for the employment action and, if the plaintiff makes that showing, then
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court of hustings
Court of Hustings (h[schwa]s-tingz). Hist. 1. English law. A local court with jurisdiction over real and mixed actions, held in the Guildhall of London before the Recorder, the Lord Mayor, and Sheriff (the latter two officials serving as honorary judges). • This court dates from before the Conquest. 2. Formerly, a local court in Virginia.
Court of Hustings
Court of Hustings (1)〈英〉哈斯丁法院 诺曼征服以前即已存在的伦敦城市法院，最初对任何数额、任何形式的诉讼均有管辖权，为伦敦市最高法院。后来，尤其是在13世纪，它的一部分管辖权被转移给郡长法庭〔Sheriff’s Court〕，更大一部分被转移给了市长亲审法庭〔Mayor’s Court〕，只有对不动产权益诉讼〔real action〕、混合诉讼〔mixed action〕和动产占有回复之诉〔action of replevin〕的管辖权被保留。后来，该法院又被分为哈斯丁土地诉讼法院〔Court of Hustings for Pleas of Land〕和哈斯丁普通民事诉讼法院〔Court of Hustings of Common Pleas〕。理论上，应由市长〔Lord Mayor〕或以前曾任市长的高级市政官〔alderman〕、郡长〔sheriff〕充任法官，但实际上行使法官职能的是记录法官〔recorder〕。随着不动产权益诉讼和除驱逐之诉〔ejectment〕外混合诉讼的废除，哈斯丁法院的管辖权也相对被废弃。该法院也曾在大雅茅斯〔Great Yarmouth〕、林肯〔Lincoln〕、诺里奇〔Norwich〕、牛津〔Oxford〕、温切斯特〔Winchester〕和约克〔York〕存在过。 (2)〈美〉哈斯丁法院 以前在弗吉尼亚〔Virginia〕州某些地方存在过的地方法院。 (=hustings court) (→husting(s))
quare ejecit infra terminum
quare ejecit infra terminum (kwair-ee i-jee-sit in-fr[schwa] t[schwa]r-m[ schwa]-n[schwa]m), n. [Law Latin “why he ejected within the term”] Hist. A writ for a lessee who was prematurely ejected, when the ejector was not actually in possession but one claiming under the ejector was. “For this injury the law has provided him with two remedies …
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